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- Network Working Group V. Cerf
- Request for Comments: 1217 CSCR
- 1 April 1991
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- Memo from the Consortium for Slow Commotion Research (CSCR)
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- Status of this Memo
-
- This RFC is in response to RFC 1216, "Gigabit Network Economics and
- Paradigm Shifts". Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
-
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- To: Poorer Richard and Professor Kynikos
-
- Subject: ULSNET BAA
-
- From: Vint Cerf/CSCR
-
- Date: 4/1/91
-
- The Consortium for Slow Commotion Research (CSCR) [1] is pleased to
- respond to your research program announcement (RFC 1216) on Ultra
- Low-Speed Networking (ULSNET). CSCR proposes to carry out a major
- research and development program on low-speed, low-efficiency
- networks over a period of several eons. Several designs are
- suggested below for your consideration.
-
- 1. Introduction
-
- Military requirements place a high premium on ultra-robust systems
- capable of supporting communication in extremely hostile
- environments. A major contributing factor in the survivability of
- systems is a high degree of redundancy. CSCR believes that the
- system designs offered below exhibit extraordinary redundancy
- features which should be of great interest to DARPA and the
- Department of Defense.
-
- 2. Jam-Resistant Land Mobile Communications
-
- This system uses a highly redundant optical communication technique
- to achieve ultra-low, ultra-robust transmission. The basic unit is
- the M1A1 tank. Each tank is labelled with the number 0 or 1 painted
- four feet high on the tank turret in yellow, day-glo luminescent
- paint. Several detection methods are under consideration:
-
- (a) A tree or sand-dune mounted forward observer (FO) radios
- to a reach echelon main frame computer the binary values
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- Cerf [Page 1]
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- RFC 1217 ULSNET BAA April 1991
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- of tanks moving in a serial column. The mainframe decodes
- the binary values and voice-synthesizes the alphameric
- ASCII-encoded messages which is then radioed back to the
- FO. The FO then dispatches a runner to his unit HQ with
- the message. The system design includes two redundant,
- emergency back-up forward observers in different trees
- with a third in reserve in a foxhole.
-
- (b) Wide-area communication by means of overhead
- reconnaissance satellites which detect the binary signals
- from the M1A1 mobile system and download this
- information for processing in special U.S. facilities in the
- Washington, D.C. area. A Convection Machine [2] system
- will be used to perform a codebook table look-up to decode
- the binary message. The decoded message will be relayed
- by morse-code over a packet meteor burst communications
- channel to the appropriate Division headquarters.
-
- (c) An important improvement in the sensitivity of this system
- can be obtained by means of a coherent detection strategy.
- Using long baseline interferometry, phase differences
- among the advancing tank column elements will be used to
- signal a secondary message to select among a set of
- codebooks in the Convenction Machine. The phase analysis
- will be carried out using Landsat imagery enhanced by
- suitable processing at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The
- Landsat images (of the moving tanks) will be correlated
- with SPOT Image images to obtain the phase-encoded
- information. The resulting data will be faxed to
- Washington, D.C., for use in the Convection Machine
- decoding step. The remainder of this process is as for (b)
- above.
-
- (d) It is proposed to use SIMNET to simulate this system.
-
- 3. Low Speed Undersea Communication
-
- Using the 16" guns of the Battleship Missouri, a pulse-code modulated
- message will be transmitted via the Pacific Ocean to the Ames
- Research Center in California. Using a combination of fixed and
- towed acoustic hydrophone arrays, the PCM signal will be detected,
- recorded, enhanced and analyzed both at fixed installations and
- aboard undersea vessels which have been suitably equipped. An
- alternative acoustic source is to use M1A1 main battle tanks firing
- 150 mm H.E. ordnance. It is proposed to conduct tests of this method
- in the Persian Gulf during the summer of 1991.
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- Cerf [Page 2]
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- RFC 1217 ULSNET BAA April 1991
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- 4. Jam-Resistant Underwater Communication
-
- The ULS system proposed in (2) above has the weakness that it is
- readily jammed by simple depth charge explosions or other sources of
- acoustic noise (e.g., Analog Equipment Corporation DUCK-TALK voice
- synthesizers linked with 3,000 AMP amplifiers). An alternative is to
- make use of the ultimate in jam resistance: neutrino transmission.
- For all practical purposes, almost nothing (including several light-
- years of lead) will stop a neutrino. There is, however, a slight
- cross-section which can be exploited provided that a cubic mile of
- sea water is available for observing occasional neutrino-chlorine
- interactions which produce a detectable photon burst. Thus, we have
- the basis for a highly effective, extremely low speed communication
- system for communicating with submarines.
-
- There are a few details to be worked out:
-
- (a) the only accelerator available to us to generate neutrino
- bursts is located at Batavia National Laboratory (BNL).
-
- (b) the BNL facility can only send neutrino bursts in one
- direction (through the center of the Earth) to a site near
- Tierra del Fuego, Chile. Consequently, all submarines must
- be scheduled to pass near Tierra del Fuego on a regular
- basis to coincide with the PCM neutrino signalling from
- the BNL source.
-
- (c) the maximum rate of neutrino burst transmission is
- approximately once every 20 seconds. This high rate can be
- reduced considerably if the pwer source for the accelerator
- is limited to a rate sustainable by discharging a large
- capacitor which is trickle charged by a 2 square foot solar
- panel mounted to face north.
-
- 5. Options for Further Reducing Effective Throughput
-
- (a) Anti-Huffman Coding. The most frequent symbol is
- assigned the longest code, with code lengths reducing with
- symbol probability.
-
- (b) Minimum likelihood decoding. The least likely
- interpretation of the detected symbol is selected to
- maximize the probability of decoding error.
-
- (c) Firefly cryptography. A random signal (mason jar full of
- fireflies) is used to encipher the transmitted signal by
- optical combining. At the receiving site, another jar of
- fireflies is used to decipher the message. Since the
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- Cerf [Page 3]
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- RFC 1217 ULSNET BAA April 1991
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- correlation between the transmitting and receiving firefly
- jars is essentially nil, the probability of successful
- decipherment is quite low, yielding a very low effective
- transmission rate.
-
- (d) Recursive Self-encapsulation. Since it is self-evident that
- layered communication is a GOOD THING, more layers
- must be better. It is proposed to recursively encapsulate
- each of the 7 layers of OSI, yielding a 49 layer
- communications model. The redundancy and
- retransmission and flow control achieved by this means
- should produce an extremely low bandwidth system if,
- indeed, any information can be transmitted at all. It is
- proposed that the top level application layer utilize ASN.1
- encoded in a 32 bit per character set.
-
- (e) Scaling. The initial M1A1 tank basis for the land mobile
- communication system can be improved. It is proposed to
- reduce the effective data rate further by replacing the
- tanks with shuttle launch vehicles. The only slower method
- of signalling might be the use of cars on any freeway in the
- Los Angeles area.
-
- (f) Network Management. It is proposed to adopt the Slow
- Network Management Protocol (SNMP) as a standard for
- ULSNET. All standard Management Information Base
- variables will be specified in Serbo-Croatian and all
- computations carried-out in reverse-Polish.
-
- (g) Routing. Two alternatives are proposed:
-
- (1) Mashed Potato Routing
- (2) Airline Baggage Routing [due to S. Cargo]
-
- The former is a scheme whereby any incoming packets are
- stored for long periods of time before forwarding. If space
- for storage becomes a problem, packets are compressed by
- removing bits at random. Packets are then returned to the
- sender. In the latter scheme, packets are mislabelled at the
- initial switch and randomly labelled as they are moved
- through the network. A special check is made before
- forwarding to avoid routing to the actual intended
- destination.
-
- CSCR looks forward to a protracted and fruitless discussion with you
- on this subject as soon as we can figure out how to transmit the
- proposal.
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- Cerf [Page 4]
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- RFC 1217 ULSNET BAA April 1991
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-
- NOTES
-
- [1] The Consortium was formed 3/27/91 and includes David Clark,
- John Wroclawski, and Karen Sollins/MIT, Debbie Deutsch/BBN,
- Bob Braden/ISI, Vint Cerf/CNRI and several others whose names
- have faded into an Alzheimerian oblivion...
-
- [2] Convection Machine is a trademark of Thoughtless Machines, Inc.,
- a joint-venture of Hot-Air Associates and Air Heads International
- using vaporware from the Neural Network Corporation.
-
- Security Considerations
-
- Security issues are not discussed in this memo.
-
- Author's Address
-
- Vint Cerf
- Corporation for National Research Initiatives
- 1895 Preston White Drive, Suite 100
- Reston, VA 22091
-
- Phone: (703) 620-8990
-
- EMail: CERF@NRI.RESTON.VA.US
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- Cerf [Page 5]
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